Operant Conditioning Paper

Operant Conditioning Vanessa Mejias November 28, 2011 Ross Seligman PSY/390 Operant Conditioning In a world that was controlled by psychoanalytic examinations, and Thorndike’s puzzle box to clarify behaviorism, B. F. Skinner was a progressive in the realm of brain science. His examinations and reports on operant molding has not just endure criticism and suspicion in his time however has likewise endure the progression of time and social development to fuse his speculations quite a few years after the fact. By gaining from and developing Skinner’s calendar of support the universe of social and scholastic taking in has advanced from a confusing demonstration to a scholarly procedure that could be comprehended the world over. During his exploration Skinner built up a hypothesis to change conduct accepting that conduct can be made as a result of a positive or negative improvement or condition, rather than just instinctually reacting to boosts, such as scratching a tingle. While he didn't make the establishment of conduct change, his exploration permitted him to develop previously existing speculations created by Pavlov and Thorndike. Skinner’s hypothesis comprised of two kinds of conduct, respondent and operant conduct (Olsen and Hergerhahn, 2009). To oblige, and help alter undesirable conduct Skinner created two sorts of molding. Type S otherwise called respondent molding and Type R otherwise called operant molding. Type S molding is the proportional to exemplary molding as depicted by Pavlov and spotlights fundamentally on the noteworthiness of the improvement making a favored reaction or conduct (Olsen and Hergerhahn, 2009). While type R molding is like Thorndike’s instrumental molding, by centering upon the reaction after the boost (Olsen and Hergerhahn, 2009). The hypothesis of operant molding centers around the four sorts of boosts that can inspire a reaction. Uplifting feedback is a demonstration that adds to a fortification that will emanate an expansion in conduct, while negative support is a demonstration that removes a fortification that will make an increment in conduct. While discipline follows similar rules with positive and negative discipline anyway the distinction lies in the conduct. While fortification will expand conduct discipline should diminish conduct. Annihilation anyway is the demonstration of dispensing with the support or discipline to dispose of the conduct and return to the conduct preceding endeavored alteration. The contrasts among positive and negative fortifications are not unreasonably significant. In fact the similitudes are sounder than the distinctions. Fortification is the demonstration of expanding conduct, anyway it is the sort of support utilized that causes the distinctions. On the off chance that uplifting feedback is utilized, at that point the upgrades will add to the conduct, for example a pooch is advised to sit while the mentor pushes down on the rear side. When the pooch sits the individual in question is given a treat. Again the demonstration is rehashed with a similar support given, so in this case the canine is discovering that once the necessary conduct is preformed it will get a treat, the treat is adding to the expanded and wanted conduct. Be that as it may, as negative fortification a boosts is removed to build the ideal conduct. For example, on the off chance that a kid needs a doughnut yet won't eat their food, at that point the parental figure will remove the doughnut and advise the kid they have to have their lunch before they have their bite. In this occurrence the tidbit is removed with the goal that the kid will expand the conduct of eating what is required before unfortunate nourishments. Despite the fact that support, discipline and eradication all have their utilizations, it is disputable which is progressively successful. Skinner confirmed that discipline was not as successful as fortifications. Anyway the discussion is whether positive or negative support is increasingly viable. Upon survey, it appears that constructive and contrary support has a similar effect yet should be managed under various conditions dependent on the conduct required, the earth, character and social impacts that play noteworthy parts in an individual’s conduct. All through Skinner’s investigate he made a technique in which conduct adjustment could be watched. This is known as a timetable of support. Despite the fact that Pavlov began to try different things with halfway fortification with old style molding, it was the extensive research that Skinner played out that brought about the total comprehension and viability of planned support. A case of operant molding that utilizations booked support is latrine preparing. Latrine preparing joins operant and old style molding, anyway it is using support that makes a positive result. During can preparing the kid is acquainted with the consistent support plan, which implies that each time the youngster controls their bladder and utilizations the latrine a fortification will be given. After a period this calendar can be modified to fuse the fixed span fortification timetable, this means after a set measure of time the youngster will utilize the bathroom all alone and get a support a short time later, so the kid will figure out how to envision the support before the utilization of the can. When can preparing is finished the kid will go from operant molding [using the can for reward], to old style molding [using the latrine to feel help from the uneasiness of a full bladder]. Despite the fact that Skinner’s techniques have been scorned and are unique contrasted with other behaviorists’ hypotheses, his examination has permitted the field of brain science to move onto different roads of potential outcomes. Though, Thorndike, Hull, Pavlov and other realized greats have set the establishment to brain science, it was Skinner’s strategies and accentuation on operant molding that permitted humankind to develop in the comprehension of conduct in creatures and people the same. Because of Skinner’s radical perspectives teachers, creature coaches, therapists, and guardians are given expectation that change in one’s conduct is feasible and disposes of the ‘blame’ strategy for humankind. Skinner’s work characterizes being ‘responsible for one’s own actions’. References Olsen, M. , and Hergerhahn, B. R. (2009). An Introduction to Theories of Learning [University of Phoenix Custom Edition eBook]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Recovered from University of Phoenix, PSY390 site. Operant Conditioning Paper Operant Conditioning Berline Jean Baptiste PSY/390 March 4, 2013 Esther Siler-Colbert Abstract When pondering molding as a rule, one will, undoubtedly, allude to traditional, and operant molding immediately. Besides, the individuals who study brain research will connect old style molding with Ivan Pavlov who was a well known Russian therapist and operant molding with B. F. Skinner, who was a compelling American clinician. Despite the fact that the two kinds of molding vary enormously from one another, they are still similarly critical to education.Operant Conditioning If one follows the suspicions of a behaviorist, at that point not all conduct is hereditarily decided. Since it isn't, it is either a component of reacted or operant molding. Skinner definitely followed the strides of E. L. Thorndike, who utilized the term â€Å"of instrumental molding rather than operant†. Both, in any case, accepted that creatures and people are able to do progressively muddled conduct, yet ste p by step. As per Skinner, this type of learning was a molding one, yet one that was of an alternate kind from the one proposed by Pavlov.For case, in respondent conduct, one accomplishes something in an inactive way to nature; in any case, in operant molding, one does it since some place in the past this sort of conduct was related with a satisfying result or with attempting to evade the event of a terrible one. Along these lines, very inverse from what respondent conduct is, this sort of operant is constantly adapted. Important to show that the likelihood of a conduct happening once more, increments or diminishes with the value of its results. Plainly, it tends to be said that one figures out how to colligate an activity to its consequence.The bond between the activity and the result is alluded to as possibility, which further pronounces one’s conduct later on (Alloy, Riskind and Manos, 2005). In Skinner’s hypothesis of operant molding there are three unique terms, w hich are required, and they are upgrade, reaction, and support, and as recognized by Skinner on a few events, life is loaded with strengthens. There are various types of fortifies as well, for example, food or sex, to which one reacts intuitively. These sorts of strengthens are known as essential fortifies and don't should be learned.However, one reacts for the most part to fortify that were adapted, alluded today to as auxiliary fortifies (Alloy, Riskind and Manos, 2005). There are three segments in operant molding named uplifting feedback, negative support, and discipline. As per Skinner’s hypothesis, fortification is an outcome that will bring about a conduct rehashing; discipline has the contrary impact. It is essential to realize that the terms positive and negative don't allude to something being simply charming or upsetting yet rather, they show if an improvement was included or taken away.To further streamline, in encouraging feedback the conduct is fortified by inclu ding a boost and in negative support, the conduct is debilitated by expelling one. In any case, it is critical to call attention to that negative fortification is all the time mistook for discipline. One needs to remember that one kind fortifies conduct, for example, the support, though the other one, the

The Search for Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Search for Success - Essay Example There are different thoughts of how achievement is figured it out. To a family man, it is having the option to give well to his family and seeing his kids achieve their objectives throughout everyday life. To a persevering man, it is arriving at the highest point of the business stepping stool and having the option to reveal to himself that he has been an essential piece of the business that he has dedicated himself to. To a supporter, it is finishing what he has decided to do and realizing that he has had any kind of effect in the lives of individuals through his enthusiasm. To a craftsman, it is having the option to deliver a piece or collection of work which deifies his name according to the world. To a great many people, to have the option to confirm their prosperity is to have the amalgamation of all these and more.â€Å"The tallness of my objectives won't hold me in wonderment however I may bumble frequently before they are reached. On the off chance that I stagger I will rise and my falls won't concern me for all men must bumble regularly to come to the hearth† (Mandino, p.93). More than anything, it is man’s diligence to make his progress which decides a person’s character. His steadiness to arrive at his objectives regardless of whether there are obstructions en route is the essential sign of who he genuinely is. There might be things that pull one away from drawing nearer to progress and his apparent satisfaction yet the assurance to continue going is the thing that decides achievement fromâ failure.

What is the Better Career Choice

Registered Nurse or Licensed Practical Nurse Introduction Without any doubt, in the twenty-first century, humans have a keen interest to become a nurse. Recent technological development and new medical approaches have positively influenced the growth of nursing career. Moreover, political authorities have promised that in a few years, job opportunities and working conditions for licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and registered nurses (RNs) will be significantly improved. However, until the modern days, scientists could not clearly define career responsibilities of register nurse and licensed practical nurse. It is worthy to mention that outside of the USA and Canada, these acronymic terms are interrelated and have the same meaning. However, American scholars differentiate register nurse from licensed one, taking into account their peculiarities of work and responsibilities that they bear.

Abortion And Its Effects On Society - 1822 Words

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Recent data found in a Pew Research Center Poll shows the support for abortion is as high as it has been†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the United Kingdom provocative images of the fetus generated by four dimensional ultrasonography have fuelled a reassessment of fetal capabilities along with suggestions that the fetus can respond both emotionally and cognitively. Subsequent political and media discussion in the United Kingdom has debated changing abortion laws and procedures to mitigate against fetal pain (DerbyShire).† This could impact the choices of many tremendously, if society would ever talk about abortion in a civilized manner even though it is very hard to discuss, many lives could be saved. A lot of people believe that more than half of abortions are because of teens. Whether they are too immature or they are not using contraceptives. Although sometimes that is true, although most abortions are not because of teen pregnancies. 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Ronald Reagan And The Fall Of An Empire - 3332 Words

Ronald Reagan and the Fall of an Empire With the dust settling after the end of the Second World War two supers started to emerge. In the Western side of the globe with the power of industry, manufacturing and a free market, capitalist society the United States was growing at the fastest rate in modern times. As a polar opposite to the United States and their form or government almost as if suited for a fiction novel The Soviet Union with the power of a Communist Iron Fist Government was too emerging. Both wielding the power and never seen before destructive power of the atomic bomb squared off in a worldwide chess match using the globe and neighboring countries as their board game and pawns. Both countries tried to spread their form of†¦show more content†¦It was the only thing he really thought about in depth.’ (Mann 51) For Reagan this was the reason he was put into office and he wanted to make sure that during his presidency he would fight each day to end form of government that immoral and evil. Regan upon his inauguration started to make a change in policy that have been left over from previous administration of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. The first among them was â€Å"Dà ©tente.† This is defined as easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries. Reagan did not believe this tactic worked in the past or was even possible of working the future. â€Å"Well, so far dà ©tente’s been a one-way street that the Soviet Union has used to pursue its own aims. I don’t have to think of an answer to what I think their intentions are; they have repeated it. I know of no leader of the Soviet Union since the revolution, and including the present leadership, that has not more than once repeated in the various Communist congress they hold their determination that their goal must be the promotion of the world revolution and a one-world Socialist or Communist state, whichever work you want to use. (Reagan, 1981) This believe and stance that the S oviet Union will not negotiate has led him to follow one path. A path that leads to the defeat of the Soviet Union. Reagan started to implement many policies and strategies to achieve his goals in the

Learning The Hard Way Essay Example For Students

Learning The Hard Way Essay Afer complenting my first two years of college in a tiny junior college in Kentucky, I enrolled in Illinois State University, confident that I would well, because I haad sone well in the past. The size of the place was a bit daunting. The first challenge was finding a parking space. Where before I had parked ion a tree-lined street and walked the short distance to the main calssroom building at Bthel junior College, now I was confronted with acres of parking spaces which seemed miles from the classroom buildings. Classes were not just up one hall or down the next, as I had grown increasingly oneous. Unike Southerners who greet everyone, including strangers, with Hey! people rarely spoke. On a campus of over 10,000 students, I felt completely salone. Years later, as a graduate student at increasingly larger schools, I recalled feelings overwhelmed by the size and (seeming) indifference of ISC. One defining moment got me off to a terrible start, adn I never recovered. During my very first class at Illinois, I walked into a classroom and took a desk among thirty other students. After the instructor, a thin, balding male, called roll, he looked up adn asked, Is there anyone whose name I didnt call? I put up my hand, and he walked over to my seat. What is your name? he asked, pencil poised to write. Cindy Horne, I replied. How do you spell that? he asked. H-a-w-e-r-n? No, sir. H-o-r-n-e, I replied. H-o-r-n-e? he repeated. Yes, sir. then your name is notHawern, he mimicked. Your name is Horne, he said, barking it out in one short, explosive syllable, a way I had never heard. The other students laughed, and he turned and walked to the front of the class. But my face flushed deep scarlet, and my eyes dropped to my notebook. For a long time, I did not look up but fought back tears adn retreated somewhere inside a feeling that I was completely out of place. What might for him have merely been an innocent attempt at humor by poking fun at a Southerner to break the ice of the first-day jitters, deeply humiliated me. I must REALLY be stupid, I thought, to not even know how to pronounce my own name! Today, I would pronbley laugh. Then, I was deeply ashaned. I never finished class. I dropped out of the university before the term was over. i suddenly felt inadequate, and no amount of study restored my confiednce. Two years later, I returned to Kentucky, enrolled in a small liberal arts college, completed my bachelors degree, and wernt on to become an art teacher. I had many good teachers, but I learned a great lesson from that insentive man with the roll book, a lesson which has helped shape my educaitonal philosophy. I am glad I learned that lesson, even if it was painful at the time. Its has made me a better person.

The Giant Pool of Money Essay Example

The Giant Pool of Money Paper Social proof and the confirmation trap were evident in the actions of many or all of the various players involved in the supreme mortgage crises (or credit crises) of 2008. From the NP News radio program The Giant Pool of Money, the characters on the different rungs of the supreme mortgage value chain explain their actions, showing these two characteristics. Social proof is a behavior by which we determine correctness of opinions, beliefs, or actions by comparing them to others opinions, beliefs or actions. Social proof can promote conformity either by providing information and validation or by creating social pressure to go along. As we saw in class in reviewing the Cash Experiment with the three bars or the Malaria Experiment with the electric shocks, authority plays an important role in strengthening social proof. In the case, we see that Mike Garner of Silver State mortgages had his own suspicions that they were selling bad mortgages, but since the big banks on Wall Street were buying them, he figured it was K. A lot of the brokers and mortgage pool originators on the ground seemed to believe there was something that the big guys on Wall Street knew that they didnt. In the class lecture on social proof, it was stated that social proof can be a particularly throng force in cases of ambiguity and uncertainty, like when it is unclear as to what a correct response is. We also discussed in lecture how social proof can occur in little steps, like in the military with the ABA Gharry example. We will write a custom essay sample on The Giant Pool of Money specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Giant Pool of Money specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Giant Pool of Money specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Soldiers spoke of a sliding scale of abuses that gained acceptance before eventually more extreme cases were uncovered at the Iraqi prison. The same thing happened with the types of loans sold first stated income verified asset was accepted, then not before long, state income stated asset with money in the bank, then the same with only an accountant statement, and non no income verified asset and Minas were all taken. To correct for social proof in this industry, regulations must be strengthened. Dodd/Frank legislation is a start of this, but though some of the reforms in Dodd/Frank should be welcomed, the law doesnt address the complexity issue which is what caused many unsuspecting borrowers to find themselves underwater after not reading the fine print of what they were signing up for. The following reforms would mitigate social proof further: 1) ownership should be clear, so the borrower knows who owns his or her debt, 2) collateralized debt obligations should only be able to be sold by brokers who are educated on their risks by a government agency, 3) Minas and other non-verified mortgages should be outlawed and 4) Banks and mortgage originators should invest in shorting mortgage backed securities so there is some skin in the game for the financial institutions to not only grow fast, but loan smart money and benefit if others make risky decisions. The confirmation trap (or confirmation bias) is the second behavior that emerged from the potash. The confirmation trap refers to the tendency for people to naturally seek information that confirms their expectations and hypothesis, even when discomforting or falsifying information is more useful. In the Carter Racing case, this was shown in how the chief mechanic showed that engine failures occurred at all different temperatures, but omitted that all the successes happened when temperatures were higher than 70 degrees. In the case of The Giant Pool of Money, the financial world seemed content to ignore the warning signs that these pools of loans were, as one put it, toxic waste. Rather, everyone up and down the value chain seemed content to seek out information that would confirm their biases and continue making them money. One piece of data (which turned out to be faulty) was their reliance on the credit rating agencies, which rated these pools of NINA loans as AAA, or as good as a truancy of solidly vetted mortgages. Another piece of confirmation bias data was how Wall Street kept pointing to rising housing prices as evidence that this bubble would never burst, since poor borrowers could always take out a home equity line on their house powered by the revenue stream of the rising prices. They also justified their behavior by the fact that even if the homes foreclosed, they would remain valuable, due to the rising prices. These are all confirmation biases. Mike Garner said that when his boss raised Objections to the shady loans, he was rebuffed by others justifying the loans as an attempt to gain more market share. The best way to fix the confirmation bias in this case would have been for the ratings agencies to offer more accurate data. Unfortunately, many of those working at ratings agencies would go on to work on Wall Street or vice versa, making their vested interest in shutting down a lucrative practice on Wall Street little to none. Government regulation is needed in order to ensure the ratings agencies remain independent and accountable to everyday citizens. Another solution to the confirmation bias in the world of finance is through education. If financial education was made a bigger priority in schools, borrowers like Richard in Brooklyn might have known to ask better questions before taking an explosively bad loan on his East Flatfish house. When the information flow is coming from people with a vested interest in your investment decisions, confirmation bias will only flourish. Education can present both sides to the consumer and combat the use of confirmation bias.

Monitoring in the Workplace essays

Monitoring in the Workplace essays Monitoring in the Workplace: The Right to Employee Privacy Fourteen million employees just over one-third of the online workforce in the United States have their Internet or e-mail use under continuous surveillance at work. Worldwide, the number of employees under such surveillance is at 27 million, just over one-quarter of the global online workforce. In fact, an average of $140 million a year is spent on surveillance equipment for an employee, thats an average $5.25 per employee. The increased use of and access to employee monitoring suggests that in the near future legislation will be needed to protect employee privacy rights. But what exactly is monitoring in the workplace? Monitoring in the workplace refers to the continuous surveillance of employees while on the job. Employers may monitor any aspect of the employees day to day work activities by using surveillance cameras, screening telephone calls, tracking websites visited while on the Internet, screening of e-mails, and monitoring the number of keystrokes on an employees keyboard. Other obscure but highly used methods of monitoring include requiring employees to take drug tests and psychological tests. But why do companies monitor their employees? Several reasons are to make sure that employees are doing their jobs, to make sure that they are not stealing from the company, and to ensure that employees are not misusing company property such as the Internet or telephone. It is estimated that employers eavesdrop on 400 million telephone calls every year. Also, it has been found that 78% of workers log on to the Internet for non-work purposes according to a study done in June 2001 by NetRatings. In addition, it was found that every one out of those ten visited adult websites while on the Net. In rare instances, companies monitor to ensure that employees are not working for competitors. Last year, the number of respondents who reported receiving ...

Book Summary The Goal Processes and Operations

The Goal Processes and Operations Key Idea The main message of the book is that the proper way to manage any operation, whether it’s a manufacturing plant or a web design shop or a clothing store, is to: 1) Identify what needs to be changed. 2) Identify what it should be changed to. 3) Identify how to execute the change. Summary This story is based around the life of Alex Rogo, Plant Manager for Uniware, which is a division of Unico. After some very upsetting customer approaches Alex’s boss, Bill Peach, is given a challenge to turn the plant around in three months. Due to the limited amount of time available, there are not many outside tools available such as consultants, surveys, and so on. With very few hopes, Alex foresees the inevitable until he remembers his conversation with Jonah, a physicist who Alex knew from a previous job. It is not until Alex’s job is in at risk that he decides to devour into his conversation with Jonah. During the conversation, Jonah asks him several questions to analyze his company’s situation. The conversation leads ultimately to the question, What is the goal of any business? After rethinking his conversation, Alex realizes that the goal of any business is to make money. Furthermore, if the goal is to make money any action toward this goal is considered productive and any action not moving towards the goal is nonproductive. Alex was unsure of such a simple answer and decided to contact Jonah to continue the search for more answers. Once Alex contacts Jonah they define the following measurements to define the success of any plant’s production: 1) Throughout = rate that the system is used to generate money through sales. This measurement would consist of what a product would be worth when sold at market value after deducting operational expense and inventory. 2) Inventory = all the money invested in purchasing items that will be sold. This could include the remains of their machines after being used toward the investment. 3) Operational expense = all the money used to turn inventory into output. This would include such items as depreciation of a machine, lubricating oil, scraps, etc. Jonah explains to Alex that a plant that is continuously productive is considered inefficient. He further explains that continuous production will result in high absenteeism, poor quality and employee turnover. Based on this, he would need to reduce operational expense and inventory to improve throughput to demonstrate a balanced line of production. Jonah leaves him to think about the understanding of two things: what are the dependent events and statistical fluctuations in his plant. During a hiking trip with Alex’s son, he produces a game for a few of the kids to demonstrate an ideal balance line of production. He does this by setting up dependents and uses a die to measure the statistical fluctuations. At the end of the game, he concluded that the bottleneck’s speed of production is what determines the speed of the other dependents. Therefore, inventory moves very slowly because of statistical fluctuations. In the end, this is where Alex began his search inside the plant. After arriving back at work, he and the crew began their search for the bottlenecks. They identify one of the robots, NCX-10, and the heat treatment area as the source of the bottlenecks. Once identified, they began their search for solving them. After following some simple steps they significantly increased production by 12% during the first two months and 20% in the third month. Based on these increases, Alex saves the plant and his got promoted to Bill Peach’s position. Besides the ongoing theme of saving the plant, there is an underlying story about Alex’s personal life. In the beginning Alex’s wife, Julie, and him are constantly arguing about Alex working late in attempts of saving the plant which flows over into not spending any time with his family. Within the first 100 pages of the book, his wife leaves him, after being exhausted of all attempts to save their marriage. However, during his search for reclaiming the plant he does the same with his marriage. I think that the author is telling the audience that there must be a balance between these two lives. It is important for both to be in harmony because eventually they will flow in and out of each environment. Lessons Learned What I enjoyed the most about this book was the layout. It consisted of telling a story about Alex in a novel form, which included dialog, plot, etc. By making the book in this way it broke the specifics down for a layperson, Alex. After all, Alex represents the average person job going down the tube and marriage shortly following it. The source of the problem the whole time was following the rules that were and are continuously engraved into us each day. What I learned about this book is that you should not let your business and processes control you and lead you. Instead, you should be constantly criticizing and reviewing your processes and not settling for any bottlenecks or sticking points. Another major theme in the novel is that the point of a business is to make money, and more specifically, to make a profit. The way to do this is not to create as much as possible, but instead to run as efficiently as possible. That might require making drastic changes to common practices, things that on paper seem like they will hurt the bottom line. For example, in the book, they discover they’re running their manufacturing plant at 80% capacity. That means 20% of the time, they have machines and people just sitting there doing nothing. So they tell their sales manager to get them 20% more work. He says that they can only get it from a client who wants it at below cost, so they would lose money. But Alex convinces him that they only have materials as costs, as they have people doing nothing currently who are getting paid, so their time is not an additional expense. I thought this was very interesting. Application This book would be ideal for anyone interested in simplifying ways to improving any process whether it is manufacturing or service oriented. These back to basics principles, help break down what has become common practice.

Legal Counsel Exercise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Counsel Exercise - Assignment Example This he can do whether or not the organization, person or state can be linked to any specific terrorist incidents. He will justify his actions by arguing that, being the Commander-in-chief of the U.S armed force, the constitutions vets him with the authority to use military force in response to emergencies caused by unforeseen, sudden terrorist attacks on citizens, properties or the U.S territory. In certain circumstances, the U.S government transfers foreign detainees suspected of terrorism acts to foreign states where they believe international legal or foreign safeguards do not apply for detention, questioning and interrogation. If your soldiers are detained, they might be transferred to U.S detention facilities are outside the American sovereign authority. They will be interrogated using methods and tactics that are not acceptable according to both international and federal standards. This process I usually referred to as extraordinary rendition. Does the U.S public policy allow for such a practice? No! It does not, but it is still practiced in certain circumstances. Extraordinary rendition or rendition is deemed to be illegal. This is a view shared by the U.S President, Congress, Justice Department and the United Nations. If your soldiers are taken to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, even if they are non-U.S citizens, the Supreme Court in 2004 ruled that, they have the right to challenge the U.S. government in regards to the state of their detention. This can be done within the U.S federal court system. Military tribunals or commissions are a form of military courts that are meant to try enemy forces during war times. They operate outside the scope of normal civil and criminal courts. Their judges are usually military officials who perform the roles of the jurors and are very different from court Martials. The United States have used military tribunal in the past during the reign of President Abraham Lincoln and Roosevelt. In 2001, President Bush tried to form milita ry tribunal to try army detainees from Afghanistan. His attempt was met with very stiff opposition. The Supreme Court declared that they did not conform to the standards of the Geneva Convention. Currently, the U.S government is not using military tribunals. The U.S government has for a longtime been spying on its citizens. ‘Operation Chaos’ established in 1967 is a perfect evidence of the U.S spying on its citizen. This operation was established to spy on American citizens who objected the Vietnam War. Agencies involved in spying activities include the CIA, NSA and the Pentagon. It is not only unlawful for the military to participate in domestic spying activities, but the whole activity by government agencies such as the NSA spying on the U.S citizens is unlawful. It is not lawful for you to attack the United States first even if you believe they are going to attack you. You must have viable reasons to warrant lawful attacks against the U.S. If you decide to proceed an d attack them on the basis of your belief that they are going to attack you, your actions will be deemed to be acts of terrorism. Therefore, I would advise that you reconsider and clearly revaluate your reasons for wanting to attack the U.S. The United States has a constitution. This is the supreme law of the United States of America and all persons are accountable under it. All the other laws are derived from the Constitution. Whenever

Relationship of Staff Perception of the Importance of Physical Dissertation

Relationship of Staff Perception of the Importance of Physical Education and their Physical Well-Being to their Academic Perform - Dissertation Example Moreover, the importance of movement and physical activity among children and youth can not be discounted. Likewise, evidence from research during the 1990s has uncovered that â€Å"regular physical activity can make significant positive contribution to physical, mental and emotional well-being of children† (Bailey, 2001:2). 1.1. Aims It should not, therefore, come as a surprise that in many studies, physical education is regarded as among the most important areas in the curriculum by teachers and students alike (Bailey, 2001). In this regard, this study is being proposed to evaluate the importance of physical education and physical well-being among staff and how their perceptions of such importance influence their academic achievement in English and Mathematics subjects. Bailey (2001) argued that physical education (P.E) teachers are in a good position to encourage and motivate students to learn, and that the P.E teachers are highly responsible not to drive students away from physical education and physical activity, since the latter can happen if the P.E teachers are amiss in their roles. 1.2. ... This serves as the primary justification for the conduct of the proposed study. 1.3. Statement of the Research Problems The following problems will be addressed in this study: 1.3.1. What is the profile of the secondary students in the research locale in terms of gender, age, year level, and grades in English and Mathematics? 1.3.2. What is the perception of the staff of the importance of physical education in their life in general; and in their life as students? 1.3.3. What is the perception of the staff on the importance of physical well-being in their life in general; and in their life as students? 1.3.4. What is the relationship between the staff of the importance of physical education and their academic performance of their students in English and Mathematics? 1.3.5. What is the relationship between the staff’s perception of the importance of physical well-being and the academic performance of their students in English and Mathematics? 1.3.6. Are there significant differe nces in the staffs’ perception of the importance of Physical Education and their physical well-being when they are grouped in terms of gender, age, year level, and grades in English and Mathematics? 1.3.7. What strategies may be integrated in the Physical Education classes to ensure that students are appropriately motivated to learn in school? 1.4. Statement of Hypotheses Grounded on the research problems presented, the following hypotheses, stated in the null form, will be tested using non-directional or two-tailed analysis and 0.05 level of significance (?=0.05) 1.4.1. There is no significant relationship between the staffs’ perception of the importance of physical education and the academic performance of their learners in English. 1.4.2. There is no significant

Contributions of Imam Ali to his Culture Essay -- essays research pape

The purpose of this is paper is to show how great the contributions of Ali were to his culture. Ali was born miraculously, his mother Fatima-bint-Asad, the wife of Abu Talib, was Divinely Guided with sudden labor pains to the Holy Kaaba. As her immense labor pains weighed her down, Fatima knelt before the Kaaba and began praying to Allah(GOD) to make the birth of her child comfortable and easy. Before she knew it, the walls of the Kaaba miraculously split open by the Will of Allah. Fatima entered the Kaaba, and then the Holy walls reunited and joined as one. She stayed in the Kaaba for three days, during which she gave birth to a virtuous baby boy. As the fourth day approached, the Kaaba doors reopened and Fatima walked out with her pride and joy in her arms. A few years after his birth,The Prophet asked his uncle, Abu Talib, to allow Ali to be under his care so he can raise him as if he were his own child. Ali had the honorable privilege of moving to and living with the Ho ly Prophet of Islam, Muhammad. Ali learnt a lot from the holy prophet and then contributed to his culture by his broad knowledge. He was also a great warrior and he always fought for his culture, and he also protected the prophet and saved his life two times. He is also the successor of the prophet for the shia's and the fourth successor for the Sunnis. Therefore he was a very honored person. As described by the prophet ?I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate.? Ali was very knowledgeable and he helped his culture a lot with his knowledge, he helped in making judgements, helped in answering other peoples questions and also gave advises to the people of what is right to do. Here are some examples of his knowledge. A person was about... ...overs because he wanted to see the Prophet's look before he was killed. As he removed the covers, to his surprise and the rest of the murderers with him, he discovered that it wasn't Prophet Muhammad. Instead, it was Ali, the cousin of the Prophet, the Prophet's right-hand man, the Prophet's savior. The assassin's were infuriated that there plan had failed. Therfore Ali was always ready to put his life at risk to save the Prophet's life because he knew the muslims needed the Prophet. In conclusion, it can be said that ali contributed alot to his culture and religion. he used his knowledge to improve his culture and used his strength to protect his religion. Nevertheless he saved the prophets life twice, and without the prophet Islam could not exist and therefore without Ali islam could not exist. Hence it can be said that Ali is the saviour of islam.

How to Survive High School Essay

Maybe your friends from middle school are going to a different high school, or even if you know other freshmen, you might not know many upperclassmen. This is why it is very important to attend freshman orientations. These are helpful not only because you learn your way around the building and get to meet some of your teachers, but you also get to meet fellow freshmen. When you talk to people at orientation, you’ll probably find that a lot of them are feeling just like you are. They’re all new to the school and don’t know what to expect either. Talking to your classmates about a common concern could even spark a new friendship. Secondly, you should learn more about your teachers. Some freshman teachers are nice and kind at times. However, in order to avoid their negativity, you must go by all of their rules. Different teachers will have different expectations. Learn what they are and don’t make your high school experience rough, by trying to make your own rules. Some rules will seem unfair and some will seem stupid, but if you go by them, you will find that life is much easier. You don’t have to be a teacher’s pet to do this, and you just don’t have to be a rebel either. Just remember, in all cases, think things through before you act. Sometimes it will save you a lot of trouble in the end. Thirdly, you should maintain a good reputation. Having a good reputation at high school is very important. You should always take responsibility for your actions, and choose them wisely. We remember people by their actions as much as we remember their hair color. While embarrassing moments are unavoidable and nothing to be ashamed about, dishonest or vicious behavior is well within your control. Last but not least, you should always be yourself. I know everyone says it, but if you’re not yourself, who else are you going to be? Everyone has their quirks which makes them unique. There’s nothing interesting about a high school full of clones. Embrace your uniqueness. To enjoy your time, always be who you are. Opportunities are going to present themselves, and who knows where these opportunities might lead. Don’t ever change who you are just to fit in. You’ll never be as happy pretending to be someone you’re not when you could be yourself. As you can see, high school is only what you make it. Following my advice will only make your freshman year a lot better. These are a few tips on how to you can survive your freshman year in high school.

Make a Mardi Gras Mask - French Project

Mardi Gras, which means fat Tuesday in French, is celebrated in many francophone regions. Mardi Gras masks are a traditional part of this annual celebration, and making them is an interesting and very creative project for all ages. These basic instructions and tips can be followed by anyone going to a Mardi Gras party or just wanting to share in the fun.  ProjectMake a Mardi Gras maskInstructions Choose mask base: Cardboard, plastic, metal, construction paper, etcCut base to cover the face or eyesCut eyeholes and holes for nose and/or mouthPunch tiny holes in each side and attach string or wire (to hold mask in place)Decorate mask Customization Mask Base: The mask base can be made of just about anything you dont mind wearing over your face. Paper may not last and metal might be difficult, but cardboard is a good, sturdy choice. The shape of the mask base is limited only by your creativity. You can cut an oval to cover your face or a bar to cover your eyes, or you can make another shape, such as a house, an animal, or a tree.Holes for eyes, nose, and mouth can be different shapes - stars, hearts, slits, etc. Decorations: Crayons, colored pencils, chalk, charcoal, markers, paint Beads Embroidery Fabric Fake jewels Feathers Flowers Glitter Lace Ribbons Sequins Stickers String, yarn Tissue paper Wax Mardi Gras Links French Mardi Gras vocabulary Carnaval in Nice, FranceMardi Gras party ideasMardi Gras puzzles for kidsMardi Gras recipesMardi Gras songs Notes Profs de franà §ais forum .